HIND SWARAJ, the title of the first definitive writing of Mahatma
Gandhi, and which continues to evoke critical interest the world over
even now, literally means ‘self-rule in India’.
This small book of about 30,000 words was written in Gujarat in November
1909 on board the ship during Gandhi's return trip from England to South
Africa after an abortive mission, within 10 days, 40 of the 275 pages
being written with left hand. As stated by Gandhi himself: "I wrote
the entire Hind Swaraj for my dear friend Dr. Pranjivan Mehta. All the
argument in the book is reproduced almost as it took place with him." [CWMG
71: 238] It was published in the Indian Opinion in Natal and was soon
banned by Government in India because it contained 'matter declared to
be seditious'. On that, Gandhi published the English translation from
Natal to show the innocuous nature of its contents. The ban was finally
lifted on 21 December 1938.
A number of
editions have been published thereafter, the most common being that
published by Navjivan press in India in 1938 with the title 'Hind
Swaraj: the Indian Home Rule'. In 1924, an American edition, called
'Sermon on the Sea', (Intro. by John Haynes Holmes) was published from
Chicago. Recently, a Reader on it has been published under the 'Cambridge
Texts in Modem politics', edited by Professor Anthony J. Parel of
University of Calgary (Canada) in 1997.
The book has 20
chapters and 2 appendices. Appendix I lists twenty references for
further reading, including six by Tolstoy, two by Thoreau, two by
Ruskin, one by Plato (Defence and Death of Socrates), and one by Mazzini
(Duties of Man), and one each by Dadabhai Navroji, and R. C. Dutt on the
economic condition of colonial India.
71
quotations from 'Hind Swaraj'(1938 edition), covering the essential
philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, are being given hereafter.
1.
Duties of a Newspaper
"One
of the objects of a newspaper is to understand popular feeling and to
give expression to it; another is to arouse among the people certain
desirable sentiments; and the third is fearlessly to expose popular
defects."
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. I]
2. Obligation to Dadabhai Navroji
"Is Dadabhai less to be honoured because, in the exuberance of youth, we
are prepared to go a step further? Are we, on that account, wiser than
he? It is a mark of wisdom not to kick away the very step from which we
have risen higher. The removal of a step from a staircase brings down
the whole of it."
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. I]
3. Justice
"We
who seek justice will have to do justice to others."
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. I]
4. Discontent and
Unrest
"Unrest is, in reality, discontent. ---- This discontent is a very
useful thing. As long as a man is contented with his present lot, so
long is it difficult to persuade him to come out of it. Therefore it is
that every reform must be
preceded by discontent. We throw away things
we have, only when we cease to like them."
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. III]
5. What is Swaraj?
"In effect it means this: that we want English rule without the
Englishman. You want the tiger's nature, but not the tiger; that is to
say, you would make India English. And when it becomes English, it will
be called not Hindustan but Englistan. This is not the Swaraj that I
want."
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. IV]
6. The Condition of
British Parliament
"The
best men are supposed to be elected by the people. The members serve
without pay and therefore, it must be assumed, only for the public weal.
The electors are considered to be educated and therefore we should
assume that they would not generally make mistakes in their choice. Such
a Parliament should not need the spur of petitions or any other
pressure. Its work should be so smooth that its effects would be more
apparent day by day. But, as a matter of fact, it is generally
acknowledged that the members are hypocritical and selfish. Each thinks
of his own little interest. It is fear that is the guiding motive. What
is done today may be undone tomorrow. It is not possible to recall a
single instance in which finality can be predicted for its work. When
the greatest questions are debated, its members have been seen to
stretch themselves and to doze. Sometimes the members talk away until
the listeners are disgusted. Carlyle has called it the "talking shop of
the world". Members vote for their party without a thought. Their
so-called discipline binds them to it. If any member, by way of
exception, gives an independent vote, he is considered a renegade. ----
Parliament is simply a costly toy of the nation.
The
Prime Minister is more concerned about his power than about the welfare
of Parliament. His energy is concentrated upon securing the success of
his party. His care is not always that Parliament shall do right. ----
In order to gain their ends, they certainly bribe people with honours. I
do not hesitate to say that they have neither real honesty nor a living
conscience. ---- To the English voters their newspaper is their Bible.
---- The same fact is differently interpreted by different newspapers,
according to the party in whose interests they are edited."
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. V]
7. Civilization
"Formerly,
men were made slaves under physical compulsion. Now they are enslaved by
temptation of money and of the luxuries that money can buy. There are
now diseases of which people never dreamt before, and an army of doctors
is engaged in finding out their cures, and so hospitals have increased.
This is a test of civilization."
"This
civilization takes note neither of morality nor of religion."
"Civilization seeks to increase bodily comforts, and it fails miserably
even in doing so."
Civilization is not an incurable disease, but it should never be
forgotten that the English people are at present afflicted by it.”
“Civilization is like a mouse gnawing while it soothing us."
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. VI & VIII]
8. Why was India Lost?
"The
English have not taken India; we have given it to them. They are not in
India because of their strength, but because we keep them. ----
When our Princes fought among themselves, they sought the
assistance of Company Bahadur. That co-operation was versed alike in
commerce and war. It was unhampered by questions of morality. Its object
was to increase its commerce and to take money.
----The Hindus and the
Mohammedans were at daggers drawn. This, too, gave the Company its
opportunity and thus we created the circumstances that gave the Company
its control over India. ---
They wish to convert the whole world into a vast market for their goods.
---- They will leave no stone unturned to reach the goal. ----
It is my deliberate opinion that India is being ground down, not under
the English heel, but under that of modern civilization. ---- We are
turning away from God.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. VII & VIII]
9. Fearlessness Is
Strength
“Strength lies in absence of fear, not in the quantity of flesh
and muscle we have on our bodies.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. VIII]
10. Evil Has Wings,
Good Takes Time
“Those who want to do good are not selfish, they are not in a
hurry, they know that to impregnate people with good requires a long
time. But evil has wings. To build a house takes time. Its destruction
takes none.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. IX]
11. We Indians Are One
“We were one nation before they [The English] came to
India. One thought inspired us. Our mode of life was the same. It was
because we were one nation that they were able to establish one kingdom.
Subsequently they divided us.----
And we Indians are one as no two Englishmen are. Only you and I and
others who consider ourselves civilized and superior persons imagine
that we are many nations.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. IX]
12. Concept of Swadeshi
“God set a limit to man’s locomotive ambition in the
construction of his body. Man immediately proceeded to discover means of
overriding the limit. God gifted man with intellect that he might know
his Marker. Man abused it so that he might forget his maker. I am so
constructed that I can only serve my immediate neighbors, but in my
conceit I pretend to have discovered that I must with my body serve
every individual in the Universe.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. X]
13. India Is A Nation
“India cannot cease to be one nation because people
belonging to different religions live in it. The introduction of
foreigners does not necessarily destroy the nation; they merge in it. A
country is one nation only when such a condition obtains in it. That
country must have a faculty for assimilation. India has ever been such a
country.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. X]
14. Religion and Nationality Not Synonymous
“In reality, there are as many religious as there are individuals;
but those who are conscious of the spirit of nationality do not
interfere with one another’s religion. ----
In no part of the world are one nationality and one religion
synonymous terms; nor has it ever been so in India.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. X]
15. Hindu-Muslim unity
– I
“Do people become enemies because they change their
religion? Is the God of the Mahomedan different from the God of the
Hindu?”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap X]
16. Cow Protection
“If I were overfull of pity for the cow, I should sacrifice my life to
save her but not take my brother’s. This, I hold, is the law of our
religion. ----
Who protects the cow from destruction by Hindus when they cruelly
ill-treat her?”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. X]
17. Weak Unity is
Fragile
“A clay pot would break through impact, if not with one
stone, then with another. The way
to save the pot is not to keep it away from the danger point but to bake
it so that no stone would break it.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. X]
18. Hindu-Muslim Unity – II
“There is mutual distrust between the two communities.” ----
I do not suggest that the Hindus and the Mahomedans will
never fight. Two brothers living together often do so. We shall
sometimes have our heads broken. Such a thing ought not to be necessary,
but all men are not equitable. When people are in a rage, they do many
foolish things. ----
How shall a third party distribute justice amongst them? Those who
fight may except to be injured.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. X]
19. Lawyers
“My firms opinion is that the lawyers have enslaved India,
have accentuated Hindu-Mahomedan dissensions and have confirmed English
authority.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XI]
20. Law & Lawyers
“---- the profession teaches immorality, it is exposed to
temptation from which few are saved.
---- It is one of the avenues of becoming wealthy and their
interest exists in multiplying disputes.
---- Why do they want more fees than common laborers? Why are
their requirements greater?” In what way are they more profitable to the
country than the laborers?
---- The parties alone know who is right. We, in our simplicity
and ignorance, imagine that a stranger, by taking our money, given us
justice.
---- What I have said with reference to the pleaders necessarily
applies to the judges; they are first cousins; and the one gives
strength to the other.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. X]
21. Doctors
“I have indulged in vice, I contract a disease, a doctor cures me,
the odds are that I shall repeat the vice. Had the doctor not intervened
become happy.”
“He is a true physician who probes the cause of disease.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XII & VII]
22. Indian Civilization
– I
“I believe that the civilization India has evolved is not to be in
the world. ----
It is a charge against India that her people are so uncivilized,
ignorant and stolid, that it is not possible to induce them to adopt any
changes. It is a charge really against our merit. What we have tested
and found true on the anvil of experience, we dare not change. Many
thrust their advice upon India, and she remains steady. This is her
beauty: it is the sheet-anchor of our hope.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIII]
23. What Is True
Civilization?
“Civilization is that mode of conduct which points out to man the
path of duty. Performance of duty and observance of morality are
convertible terms. To observe morality is to attain mastery over our
mind and our passions. So doing, we know ourselves. The Gujarati
equivalent for civilization means ‘good conduct.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIII]
24. Indian Civilization
– II
“The more we indulge our passions, the more unbridled they become.
Our ancestors, therefore, set a limit to our indulgences. They saw that
happiness was largely a mental condition.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIII]
25. Indian Civilization
– III
“We have had no system of life-corroding competition. Each
followed his own occupation or trade and charged a regulation wage. It
was not that we did not know how to invent machinery, but our
forefathers knew that, if we set our hearts after such things, we would
become slaves and lose our moral fibre. They, therefore, after due
deliberation decided that we should only do what we could with our hands
and feet.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIII]
26. Indian Civilization
– IV
“They further reasoned that large cities were a snare and a
encumbrance and that people would not be happy in them, that there would
be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice flourishing in
them and that poor men would be robbed by rich men. They were,
therefore, satisfied with small villages.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIII]
27. Indian Civilization
– V
“They saw that kings and their swords were inferior to the
sword of ethics, and they, therefore, held the sovereigns of the earth
to be inferior to the Rishis and the Fakirs.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XVI]
28. Indian Civilization
– VI
“Justice was tolerably fair. The ordinary rule was to avoid
courts. There were no touts to lure people into them. This evil, too,
was noticeable only in and around capitals.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIII]
29. Indian Civilization
Vs Western Civilization
”The tendency of Indian civilization is to elevate the
moral being, that of the Western civilization is to propagate
immorality.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIII]
30. Swaraj Is Self-Rule
“It is Swaraj when we learn to rule ourselves. It is, therefore,
in the palm of our hands. ---- But such Swaraj has to be experienced, by
each one for himself. One drowning man will never save another.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIV]
31. Freedom from
England
“If the English become Indianlized, we can accommodate them.
If they wish to remain, in India along with their civilization, there is
no room for them.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XIV]
32. Swaraj For Everyone
”I believe that you want the millions of India to be
happy, not that you want the reins of government in your hands. If that
be so, we have to consider only one thing: how can the millions obtain
self-rule?”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XV]
33. Patriotism
“My patriotism does not teach me that I am to allow people to be
crushed under the
heel of
Indian princes if only the English retire.
----
By patriotism I mean the welfare of the whole people, and if I could
secure it at the hands of the English, I should bow down my head to
them.”
[M.
K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj. Chap. XV]
|